RESUMO
Intensive care medicine in Chile is still in its dawn. It has experienced a progressive growth in the last decade, but continues to be weak. Although investments in the discipline have increased fivefold, there is still a severe deficiency of intensive care specialists. This issue will represent a serious problem in the near future. The Ministry of Health gathered an expert committee to study the problem and propose solutions for the future development of the discipline.
Assuntos
Cuidados Críticos , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina , Programas Governamentais/educação , ChileRESUMO
Intensive care medicine in Chile is still in its dawn. It has experienced a progressive growth in the last decade, but continues to be weak. Although investments in the discipline have increased fivefold, there is still a severe deficiency of intensive care specialists. This issue will represent a serious problem in the near future. The Ministry of Health gathered an expert committee to study the problem and propose solutions for the future development of the discipline.
Assuntos
Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina , Programas Governamentais/educação , Cuidados Críticos , ChileRESUMO
In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary rehabilitation has been demonstrated to increase exercise capacity and reduce dyspnea. In the most disabled patients, the intensity of exercise during the training sessions is limited by ventilatory pump capacity. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) support has been used successfully in patients with exacerbation of COPD. However, its benefit in patients with stable COPD or in a pulmonary rehabilitation program is under discussion. This chapter therefore evaluated the scientific evidence regarding the beneficial effect of NIV support in the respiratory rehabilitation on exercise tolerance. Features of the NIV as to when they do it-whether during training or night-and modality were reviewed. Use of noninvasive ventilation in pulmonary rehabilitation was recommended in selected patients with severe COPD or advanced stage, and in those with suboptimal response to exercise training. The use of NIV should be preferably at night, using inspiratory pressure support, which can help achieve a better exercise tolerance, an improvement in gas exchange and a reduction in the overhead of the respiratory muscles and dyspnea (quality evidence B, moderate strength recommendation).
Se ha demostrado que la rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) aumenta la capacidad de ejercicio y reduce la disnea. En la mayoría de los pacientes con discapacidad, la intensidad del ejercicio durante las sesiones de entrenamiento se ve limitada por la capacidad de la bomba ventilatoria. La ventilación no invasiva (VNI) ha sido utilizada con mucho éxito en pacientes con EPOC que presentan una exacerbación de su enfermedad. No obstante, su beneficio en pacientes con EPOC estable o en rehabilitación respiratoria está en discusión. En este capitulo se evaluó la evidencia científica que existe en cuanto al beneficio de la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) en la rehabilitación respiratoria. Se revisó la modalidad y las características de la VNI en cuanto a cuando realizarla -si durante el entrenamiento o nocturna-. Se recomendó la utilización de la ventilación no invasiva en rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes seleccionados, con EPOC en etapa grave o avanzada, y en aquellos con respuestas subóptimas al entrenamiento. La utilización de la ventilación no invasiva debe ser preferentemente nocturna, y utilizando presión de soporte inspiratorio, la cual puede permitir alcanzar una mejor tolerancia al ejercicio, una mejoría del intercambio gaseoso y una disminución de la sobrecarga de los músculos respiratorios y la disnea. (calidad de la evidencia B, fuerza de la recomendación: moderada).
Assuntos
Humanos , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/reabilitação , Respiração Artificial , Chile , Consenso , Dispneia/prevenção & controle , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Tolerância ao Exercício , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/terapia , Planos e Programas de SaúdeRESUMO
To keep a pressure that allows human life, commercial airplanes need to pressurize their cabins, which mean an equilibration between the fuselage structure, the fuel consumption and the operational costs. In this condition they can only maintain cabin pressures of a simulated altitude of 8,000 feet. The Dalton´s law indicates that the inspired partial pressure of oxygen is severely reduced, meaning a real hypoxic condition for humans. Another physical modifications that take place in this artificial media, such as low air humidity and reduced vital capacity because of abdominal gas decompression. These alterations are well tolerated by normal individuals, but this is not the case for chronic respiratory patients. They suffer a severe deterioration of their oxygenation. There are only limited studies about patients in these conditions. On the other hand, control has not been obligatory and the decision to allow the flight depends on the pulmonary physician´s advice or on the patient´s own decision. In this article we discuss general concepts about this merging problem and describe some rational ways to evaluate these patients based on available information.
La necesidad de que los aviones comerciales presuricen su cabina para mantener presiones compatibles con la vida, requiere equilibrar la estructura del fuselaje, el consumo de combustible y el costo operacional, limitaciones que sólo permiten mantener presiones de cabina correspondientes a 8.000 pies (2.438 m). Según la ley de Dalton, esta altura sobre el nivel del mar implica una acentuada disminución de la presión inspirada de oxígeno, situación de hipoxia real para el ser humano. Otras alteraciones de este medio artificial afectan también la respiración normal, como la humedad ambiental de un 20 por ciento y la disminución de la capacidad vital por descompresión del gas abdominal. Estos cambios, habitualmente bien tolerados por un individuo normal, no lo son para pacientes con patología respiratoria crónica, en quienes se ha demostrado profundo deterioro de la oxigenación. Los estudios al respecto son limitados y basados en restringidas series de casos. Por otro lado, el control de este aspecto no ha sido obligatorio, por lo que la decisión de aconsejar el vuelo en avión en un paciente, depende del criterio de su médico o bien de la propia decisión del paciente. En este artículo presentamos conceptos generales de este problema emergente y planteamos algunas líneas racionales de evaluación.
